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- BUSINESS, Page 44Honestly, Can We Trust You?
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- Barred from using polygraphs, employers seek an integrity test
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- Each year U.S. businesses lose as much as $40 billion to
- employees who steal. To protect their profit margins, many
- hard-hit companies have resorted to routine polygraph screening
- of workers and job applicants. But the scientific validity of
- these devices has never been proved, and the tests have
- sometimes caused harm to people who are falsely implicated.
- Such is the case of Shama Holleman, a college student who took
- a job in 1987 as a part-time cashier for Alexander's
- department-store chain in New York City. After a month as a
- model employee, she was fired because a polygraph test indicated
- that she might be a drug dealer and might have served a prison
- sentence. Neither was true. Holleman sued Alexander's, and they
- reached an out-of-court settlement.
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- In response to incidents like this, Congress has banned
- employers' use of polygraph tests, voice-stress analysis and
- other electronic methods to screen current or prospective
- workers. The law, which went into effect Dec. 27, exempts
- government agencies and such workers as armored-car guards and
- employees who have access to restricted drugs.
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- The prohibition is a huge setback for the polygraph
- industry, which is expected to lose about 85% of its $100
- million in annual revenues. But the new law is a boon for firms
- that offer two other character tests: pencil-and-paper quizzes
- and graphology, or handwriting analysis. Says Eric Zorn, senior
- vice president of the Jamesway discount-store chain: "I'm very
- unhappy about the new law, but I'm thankful we can still use
- written tests."
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- The honesty exams, which were given to 3.5 million job
- applicants last year at a cost of $5 to $15 each, can be
- surprisingly straightforward. A questionnaire published by Reid
- Psychological Systems of Chicago asks test takers to mark
- whether or not they recently "overcharged a customer for
- personal gain" or "took something from a store without paying
- for it." Many job applicants freely reveal their
- transgressions. "People put things on written tests they
- wouldn't tell their mothers," says Larry Audler, vice president
- of personnel for the New Orleans-based D.H. Holmes
- department-store chain.
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- The written surveys usually include a few ringers (example:
- "Do you always tell the truth?") to determine whether a job
- seeker is being candid. No single answer brands a person as a
- liar or thief, but those who administer the test watch for
- ominous patterns. Observes Arthur Le Blanc, a California
- psychologist who helped screen new employees hired for the 1984
- Olympic Games in Los Angeles: "If you score in a certain range,
- you're more likely to be dishonest."
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- For $100 to $500 per employee, handwriting analysts will
- assess at least 20 different cursive characteristics and advise
- the prospective employer about the chances of a person's being a
- future embezzler or goldbrick. Ruth Brayer, president of
- Graphological Services International of New York, sees signs of
- dishonesty in illegible handwriting and retraced lines.
- Brayer, who counts Citibank among her clients, also hears
- warning bells "when a signature looks different from the rest
- of a person's handwriting."
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- Yet the exams and handwriting tests have a wide margin for
- error, which means that some people are inaccurately labeled as
- dishonest. James Walls, co-founder and executive vice president
- of Stanton Corp. in Charlotte, N.C., which sells 1 million
- written honesty tests a year, admits that his questionnaires
- are only 88% reliable. Employers should use a written test only
- to supplement interviews and background checks, Walls points
- out. Critics of the tests contend that many managers are lazy
- when it comes to hiring. "They want quick answers to the
- question `Will a person be honest?' " explains Jon Bauer, a law
- professor at the University of Connecticut. "Honesty tests have
- the look and feel of something scientific."
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- As pencil-and-paper tests proliferate, they could run into
- as much opposition as the electronic variety. Massachusetts has
- explicitly banned written character tests, and other states have
- laws that may curb their use. The House Education and Labor
- Committee has asked the Office of Technology Assessment to
- determine whether such tests are dependable gauges of integrity.
- "There's a tremendous disagreement about whether you can even
- measure honesty," says Wayne Camara, who develops testing
- standards for the American Psychological Association. But no one
- disputes that when honesty is lacking, the effect on business
- can be extremely expensive.
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